Ascii........

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ASCII
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), generally pronounced], is a character encoding based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that work with text. Most modern character encodings — which support many more characters — have a historical basis in ASCII.
ASCII was created in 1963, was first published as a standard in 1967 and was last updated in 1986. It currently defines codes for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing, mostly obsolete control characters that affect how text is processed, and 95 are printable characters.
Overview
Like other character representation computer codes, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and the symbols/glyphs of a written language, thus allowing digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information. The ASCII character encoding— or a compatible extension (see below) — is used on nearly all common computers, especially personal computers and workstations. The preferred MIME name for this encoding is "US-ASCII".ASCII is, strictly, a seven-bit code, meaning it uses the bit patterns representable with seven binary digits (a range of 0 to 127 decimal) to represent character information. At the time ASCII was introduced, many computers dealt with eight-bit groups (bytes or, more specifically, octets) as the smallest unit of information; the eighth bit was commonly used as a parity bit for error checking on communication lines or other device-specific functions. Machines which did not use parity typically set the eighth bit to zero,[4] though some systems such as Prime machines running PRIMOS set the eighth bit of ASCII characters to one.
ASCII only defines a relationship between specific characters and bit sequences; aside from reserving a few control codes for line-oriented formatting, it does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a ********. Such concepts are within the realm of other systems such as the markup languages.



ASCII developed from telegraphic codes and first entered commercial use as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by data services in 1963. The Bell System had previously planned to use a six-bit code, derived from fieldata, that added punctuation and lower-case letters to the earlier five-bit Baudot teleprinter code, but was persuaded instead to join the American National Standards Institute subcommittee that had started to develop ASCII. Baudot helped in the automation of sending and receiving telegraphic messages, and took many features from Morse code, however, unlike Morse code, Baudot used constant-length codes. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII both underwent re-ordering for more convenient sorting (especially alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work, as Bemer said, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe".
ASCII was subsequently updated and published as ANSI X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.
Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII. These encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, even though ASCII is strictly defined only by the ASA/ANSI standards:
ASCII has also become embedded in its probable replacement, Unicode, as the lowest 128 characters. In terms of mere adoption, ASCII is one of the most successful software standards ever.
ASCII art is an artistic medium that relies primarily on computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from the 95 printable (from a total of 128) characters defined by the ASCII Standard from 1967 and ASCII compliant character sets with proprietary extended characters (beyond the 128 characters of the 7-bit standard ASCII). The term is also loosely used to refer to text based art in general. ASCII art can be created with any text editor, and is often used with free-form languages. Most examples of ASCII art require a fixed-width font (non-proportional fonts, like on a traditional typewriter) such as Courier for presentation.



One of the main reasons ASCII art was born was because early printers often lacked graphics ability and thus characters were used in place of graphic marks. Also, to mark divisions between different print jobs from different users, bulk printers often used ASCII art to print large banners to make the division between print jobs easier to spot so that the results could be more easily separated by a computer operator or clerk
ASCII Chart
ASCII - The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a standard seven-bit code that was proposed by ANSI in 1963, and finalized in 1968. Other sources also credit much of the work on ASCII to work done in 1965 by Robert W. Bemer .ASCII was established to achieve compatibility between various types of data processing equipment. Later-day standards that ******** ASCII include ISO-14962-1997 and ANSI-X3.4-1986(R1997).
ASCII, pronounced "ask-key", is the common code for microcomputer equipment. The standard ASCII character set consists of 128 decimal numbers ranging from zero through 127 assigned to letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and the most common special characters. The Extended ASCII Character Set also consists of 128 decimal numbers and ranges from 128 through 255 representing additional special, mathematical, graphic, and foreign characters.
Every now and again, I've wished that I had an ASCII chart handy, so I made one and stuck it on this page so that I could find it in a hurry. One thing led to another, and folks started asking me questions about ASCII and other character representations, so I've tried to update this page a bit to answer some of the most common questions. Also, I've added additional info,such as IBM PC Keyboard Scan Code, and a list of other references.




Bits, bytes, and ASCII Code
The memory in your computer can be thought of as a linear series of points that are either "on" or "off". Each point in the series is called a bit. In the following linear series of numbers a 0 represents the "off" state and a "1" represents the on state for each bit on information.
01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111
The challenge for early computer makers was to devise a way to store information in the computer using bits of information. Think about devising a coding scheme that using only bits (0 and 1) for all the characters that appear on a standard typewriter keyboard. If you wanted to code the alphabet from A to Z in both upper and lower case you would need 52 different codes. Add in the numbers from 0 to 9 and you would need 62 different codes. Add in all the symbols above the numbers and you have would need 72 different codes. Add in the miscellaneous other characters on the keyboard (e.g., period, comma, question, etc.) and you need another 20 or so codes for a total of at least 92 different codes.
NON PRINTABLE CHARACTERS
DEC HEX CHARACTER (CODE) DEC HEX CHARACTER (CODE)
0 0 NULL 16 10 DATA LINK ESCAPE (DLE)
1 1 START OF HEADING (SOH) 17 11 DEVICE CONTROL 1 (DC1)
2 2 START OF TEXT (STX) 18 12 DEVICE CONTROL 2 (DC2)
3 3 END OF TEXT (ETX) 19 13 DEVICE CONTROL 3 (DC3)
4 4 END OF TRANSMISSION (EOT) 20 14 DEVICE CONTROL 4 (DC4)
5 5 END OF QUERY (ENQ) 21 15 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (NAK)
6 6 ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK) 22 16 SYNCHRONIZE (SYN)
7 7 BEEP (BEL) 23 17 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK (ETB)
8 8 BACKSPACE (BS) 24 18 CANCEL (CAN)
9 9 HORIZONTAL TAB (HT) 25 19 END OF MEDIUM (EM)
10 A LINE FEED (LF) 26 1A SUBSTITUTE (SUB)
11 B VERTICAL TAB (VT) 27 1B ESCAPE (ESC)
12 C FF (FORM FEED) 28 1C FILE SEPARATOR (FS) RIGHT ARROW
13 D CR (CARRIAGE RETURN) 29 1D GROUP SEPARATOR (GS) LEFT ARROW
14 E SO (SHIFT OUT) 30 1E RECORD SEPARATOR (RS) UP ARROW
15 F SI (SHIFT IN) 31 1F UNIT SEPARATOR (US) DOWN ARROW
PRINTABLE CHARACTERS
DEC HEX CHARACTER DEC HEX CHARACTER DEC HEX CHARACTER
32 0x20 <SPACE> 64 0x40 @ 96 0x60 `
33 0x21 ! 65 0x41 A 97 0x61 a
34 0x22 " 66 0x42 B 98 0x62 b
35 0x23 # 67 0x43 C 99 0x63 c
36 0x24 $ 68 0x44 D 100 0x64 d
37 0x25 % 69 0x45 E 101 0x65 e
38 0x26 & 70 0x46 F 102 0x66 f
39 0x27 ' 71 0x47 G 103 0x67 g
40 0x28 ( 72 0x48 H 104 0x68 h
41 0x29 ) 73 0x49 I 105 0x69 i
42 0x2A * 74 0x4A J 106 0x6A j
43 0x2B + 75 0x4B K 107 0x6B k
44 0x2C , 76 0x4C L 108 0x6C l
45 0x2D - 77 0x4D M 109 0x6D m
46 0x2E . 78 0x4E N 110 0x6E n
47 0x2F / 79 0x4F O 111 0x6F o
48 0x30 0 80 0x50 P 112 0x70 p
49 0x31 1 81 0x51 Q 113 0x71 q
50 0x32 2 82 0x52 R 114 0x72 r
51 0x33 3 83 0x53 S 115 0x73 s
52 0x34 4 84 0x54 T 116 0x74 t
53 0x35 5 85 0x55 U 117 0x75 u
54 0x36 6 86 0x56 V 118 0x76 v
55 0x37 7 87 0x57 W 119 0x77 w
56 0x38 8 88 0x58 X 120 0x78 x
57 0x39 9 89 0x59 Y 121 0x79 y
58 0x3A : 90 0x5A Z 122 0x7A z
59 0x3B ; 91 0x5B [ 123 0x7B {
60 0x3C < 92 0x5C \ 124 0x7C |
61 0x3D = 93 0x5D ] 125 0x7D }
62 0x3E > 94 0x5E ^ 126 0x7E ~
63 0x3F ? 95 0x5F _ 127 0x7F <DEL>
EXTENDED ASCII CHARACTERS
DEC HEX CHARACTER DEC HEX CHARACTER DEC HEX CHARACTER
128 0x80 € 171 0xAB « 214 0xD6 &Ouml;
129 0x81  172 0xAC ¬ 215 0xD7 ×
130 0x82 ‚ 173 0xAD ¬ 216 0xD8 &Oslash;
131 0x83 ƒ 174 0xAE ® 217 0xD9 &Ugrave;
132 0x84 „ 175 0xAF ¯ 218 0xDA &Uacute;
133 0x85 … 176 0xB0 ° 219 0xDB &Ucirc;
134 0x86 † 177 0xB1 ± 220 0xDC &Uuml;
135 0x87 ‡ 178 0xB2 ² 221 0xDD &Yacute;
136 0x88 ˆ 179 0xB3 ³ 222 0xDE &THORN;
137 0x89 ‰ 180 0xB4 ´ 223 0xDF &szlig;
138 0x8A Š 181 0xB5 µ 224 0xE0 à
139 0x8B ‹ 182 0xB6 ¶ 225 0xE1 &aacute;
140 0x8C Œ 183 0xB7 • 226 0xE2 â
141 0x8D  184 0xB8 ¸ 227 0xE3 &atilde;
142 0x8E Ž 185 0xB9 ¹ 228 0xE4 &auml;
143 0x8F  186 0xBA &ordm; 229 0xE5 &aring;
144 0x90  187 0xBB » 230 0xE6 &aelig;
145 0x91 ‘ 188 0xBC ¼ 231 0xE7 ç
146 0x92 ’ 189 0xBD ½ 232 0xE8 è
147 0x93 “ 190 0xBE ¾ 233 0xE9 é
148 0x94 ” 191 0xBF &iquest; 234 0xEA ê
149 0x95 • 192 0xC0 &Agrave; 235 0xEB ë
150 0x96 – 193 0xC1 &Aacute; 236 0xEC &igrave;
151 0x97 — 194 0xC2 &Acirc; 237 0xED &iacute;
152 0x98 ˜ 195 0xC3 &Atilde; 238 0xEE î
153 0x99 ™ 196 0xC4 &Auml; 239 0xEF ï
154 0x9A š 197 0xC5 &Aring; 240 0xF0 &eth;
155 0x9B › 198 0xC6 &AElig; 241 0xF1 &ntilde;
156 0x9C œ 199 0xC7 &Ccedil; 242 0xF2 &ograve;
157 0x9D  200 0xC8 &Egrave; 243 0xF3 &oacute;
158 0x9E ž 201 0xC9 &Eacute; 244 0xF4 ô
159 0x9F Ÿ 202 0xCA &Ecirc; 245 0xF5 &otilde;
160 0xA0 203 0xCB &Euml; 246 0xF6 &ouml;
161 0xA1 &iexcl; 204 0xCC &Igrave; 247 0xF7 ÷
162 0xA2 ¢ 205 0xCD &Iacute; 248 0xF8 &oslash;
163 0xA3 £ 206 0xCE &Icirc; 249 0xF9 ù
164 0xA4 ¤ 207 0xCF &Iuml; 250 0xFA &uacute;
165 0xA5 ¥ 208 0xD0 &ETH; 251 0xFB û
166 0xA6 ¦ 209 0xD1 &Ntilde; 252 0xFC ü
167 0xA7 § 210 0xD2 &Ograve; 253 0xFD &yacute;
168 0xA8 ¨ 211 0xD3 &Oacute; 254 0xFE &thorn;
169 0xA9 © 212 0xD4 &Ocirc; 255 0xFF &yuml;
170 0xAA &ordf; 213 0xD5 &Otilde;

ASCII Code
The ASCII Character Set
Most programming languages have a means of defining a character as a numeric code and, conversely, converting the code back to the character.
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A coding standard for characters, numbers, and symbols that is the same as the first 128 characters of the ASCII character set but differs from the remaining characters.
The ASCII character set (excluding the extended characters defined by IBM) is divided into four groups of 32 characters.
The first 32 characters, ASCII codes 0 through 1Fh, form a special set of non-printing characters called the control characters. We call them control characters because they perform various printer/display control operations rather than displaying symbols.
Examples of common control characters include:
 carriage return (ASCII code 0Dh), which positions the cursor to the left side of the current line of characters,
 line feed (ASCII code 0Ah), which moves the cursor down one line on the output device
 back space (ASCII code 08h), which moves the cursor back one position to the left
Unfortunately, different control characters perform different operations on different output devices. There is very little standardization among output devices. To find out exactly how a control character affects a particular device, you will need to consult its manual.

The second group of 32 ASCII character codes comprise various punctuation symbols, special characters, and the numeric digits. The most notable characters in this group include the:
 space character (ASCII code 20h)
 numeric digits 0 through 9 (ASCII codes 30h through 39h)
Note that the numeric digits differ from their numeric values only in the high order nibble. By subtracting 30h from the ASCII code for any particular digit you can obtain the numeric *****alent of that digit.
The third group of 32 ASCII characters is reserved for the upper case alphabetic characters.
The ASCII codes for the characters "A" through "Z" lie in the range 41h through 5Ah. Since there are only 26 different alphabetic characters, the remaining six codes hold various special symbols.
The fourth, and final, group of 32 ASCII character codes are reserved for the lower case alphabetic symbols, five additional special symbols, and another control character (delete).
Note that the lower case character symbols use the ASCII codes 61h through 7Ah. If you compare the ASCII codes for the upper and lower case characters to binary, you will notice that the upper case symbols differ from their lower case *****alents in exactly one bit position.
The only place these two codes differ is in bit five. Upper case characters always contain a zero in bit five; lower case alphabetic characters always contain a one in bit five. You can use this fact to quickly convert between upper and lower case. If you have an upper case character you can force it to lower case by setting bit five to one. If you have a lower case character and you wish to force it to upper case, you can do so by setting bit five to zero. You can toggle an alphabetic character between upper and lower case by simply inverting bit five.




Psychology information in ASCII TEXT!
Instructions:
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If you don't receive the files you've requested in two days, check your return mail address and make the request again.

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